Relación entre salud bucal y enfermedades sistémicas en adultos mayores. Una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/9.(2).abril.2025.502-515Palabras clave:
Salud bucodental, Enfermedades sistémicas, Personas mayores, Enfermedades periodontales, Salud públicaResumen
Antecedentes/Objetivo: La salud bucal en adultos mayores ha sido reconocida como un componente clave del bienestar general. Diversos estudios sugieren una asociación significativa entre enfermedades bucodentales, como la periodontitis, y condiciones sistémicas prevalentes en esta población, incluyendo enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus y deterioro cognitivo. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar la evidencia existente sobre la relación entre la salud bucal y las enfermedades sistémicas en adultos mayores, con el fin de identificar patrones comunes y establecer implicaciones clínicas. Métodos: Se incluyeron estudios observacionales (cohortes, casos y controles, transversales) y ensayos clínicos publicados entre 2010 y 2025. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión como población ?60 años, diagnóstico clínico de enfermedad bucal y medición de una condición sistémica. Se excluyeron estudios con población pediátrica o sin datos clínicos claros. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO. Un total de 28 estudios fueron seleccionados. La calidad metodológica fue evaluada mediante el instrumento Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Resultados: Los estudios revisados evidencian asociaciones significativas entre periodontitis y enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes tipo 2, EPOC y deterioro cognitivo. La mayoría encontró relaciones asociativas, aunque algunos estudios sugieren una posible causalidad. Se identificaron patrones comunes como inflamación sistémica crónica y disbiosis oral. Conclusiones: La evidencia respalda una fuerte relación entre salud bucal deficiente y diversas enfermedades sistémicas en adultos mayores. Se recomienda fortalecer la integración de la salud bucal en la atención primaria y promover investigaciones longitudinales que exploren la causalidad.Descargas
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Derechos de autor 2025 Víctor Fernando Mieles Borja, Víctor Iris Mieles Garzón
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