Métodos de extracción de aceites esenciales de cítricos y eucalipto: comparación de eficiencia, calidad y sostenibilidad. Una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/9.(2).abril.2025.646-659Keywords:
Aceites esenciales, Métodos de extracción, Cítricos, Eucalipto, SostenibilidadAbstract
Los aceites esenciales de cítricos y eucalipto tienen un sinfín de aplicaciones en las industrias farmacéutica, cosmética y alimentaria, gracias a sus propiedades terapéuticas, antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. La creciente demanda de productos naturales ha llevado a un impulso en el desarrollo y la evaluación de diferentes métodos de extracción, con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia del proceso, la calidad del aceite obtenido y su sostenibilidad ambiental. En este sentido, es crucial comparar las diversas técnicas disponibles basándose en evidencia científica. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar y comparar la eficiencia, la calidad del aceite esencial y el impacto ambiental de los principales métodos de extracción, como la destilación por arrastre de vapor, el prensado en frío, la extracción con solventes, la extracción asistida por microondas y la hidrodestilación. Se siguieron las pautas de la declaración PRISMA para llevar a cabo la búsqueda, selección y síntesis de estudios. Se consultaron bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect y PubMed, identificando inicialmente 187 artículos. Después de aplicar criterios de inclusión (estudios experimentales con datos comparativos entre métodos y evaluaciones de rendimiento, calidad química y sostenibilidad) y exclusión (duplicados, revisiones narrativas, artículos sin datos técnicos relevantes), se seleccionaron 30 estudios para el análisis final. Los resultados muestran que la destilación por arrastre de vapor es el método más común, gracias a su equilibrio entre rendimiento y calidad, aunque consume mucha energía. La extracción por microondas demostró ser muy eficiente, logrando resultados en menos tiempo y con un menor impacto ambiental, mientras que el prensado en frío preservó mejor los compuestos volátiles en los cítricos. Por otro lado, la extracción con solventes ofreció buenos rendimientos, pero conllevó riesgos toxicológicos y ambientales. En resumen, no hay un método que sea claramente el mejor; sin embargo, la extracción asistida por microondas se destaca por su eficiencia y sostenibilidad, lo que la convierte en una opción muy prometedora. Sería ideal realizar estudios comparativos a gran escala, centrándose en el análisis del ciclo de vida.Downloads
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